First joy, then sadness, for Henry VIII: A timeline from 1516

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Mary, Dowager Queen of Scots, was 26 years old (born 19 February 1516) when her husband, James V, died on 13 December 1542. Therefore she was still in the marriage market. She married Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox on 26 June 1544. He was seven months younger than Mary, having been born on 21 September 1516, and was descended from Princess Mary, daughter of James II, King of Scots.

Mary gave birth to a baby boy on 22 May 1545, and after a miscarriage and stillbirth, to a second boy on 9 April 1549, and to a girl on 14 July 1552. She and Matthew named them Thomas, Andrew and Catherine. They had no more children. Mary died on 17 November 1558, as in OTL.

 

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James Butler, 9th Earl of Ormond, died at his home in Kilkenny Castle in Ireland, on 2 April 1552. He was 55 or 56 years old (born c.1496). His eldest son, Thomas (born 31 August 1523) succeeded him as 10th Earl of Ormond. His widow, Anne Butler (nee Boleyn) Countess of Ormond, died in Kilkenny Castle, on 12 August 1554, between the ages of 52 or 54 (born 1500 or 1501). She was survived by her three sons, Thomas, Edmund, and John, and her two daughters, Margaret and Mary. Although she stayed in the Catholic Church, she was sympathetic to Protestants.

There were Protestant congregations in Cork, Dublin, Galway, Kilkenny, Waterford, Wexford, and Wicklow, and were fairly large in Cork and Dublin.

 

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King Francois II of France sponsored a voyage to North America in 1548, It was commanded by Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon, and followed the same route as that of Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524. (1) It left France in April 1548 and landed at New York Harbour, named New Angouleme by Verrazzano in 1524, and Narragansett Bay, called Refugio (Refuge) by Verrazzano. (2). Villagaigon made contact with Lenni Lenape, Narragansett, and Wampanoag. He claimed the territory he discovered for Francois. He arrived back in France in September, and made a full report of his voyage and the suitability of New Angouleme and Refugio for colonisation to Francois.

(1) See
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Durand_de_Villegaignon, and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazzano.

(2) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narragansett_Bay.

 

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After reading the report of Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon, Francois II decided to establish a French colony at New Angouleme (OTL New York Bay). In April 1550, a party of 690 colonists, men, women and children, under the command of Villegaignon, sailed from France. They arrived in June 1550 and established a settlement on the east bank of the OTL River Hudson. It was named the Rio San Antonio in 1525 by Estavao Gomez, a Portuguese explorer in the service of Spain.

The colonists made friendly contact with the native Wappinger nation. They planted crops, and with the help of the Wappinger survived their first winter.

 

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Pope Gregory XIII (Reginald Pole) convened the second session of the Council of Trent on 1 November 1550, with Protestants attending. In a policy of reconciliation with moderate Protestants, it agreed to a decree on justification by faith which stated that human beings are justified by faith that works through love. And in another decree, the Council allowed lay Catholics to receive Holy Communion under both kinds. The Council was prorogued on 22 September 1555.

Pope Gregory died on 17 November 1558. The papal conclave to elect his successor convened on 1 December 1558. After 16 ballots, it elected Ercole Gonzaga, cardinal priest of St. Maria Nuova, as Pope on 9 January 1559. (1) He took the name Sixtus V.

(1) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ercole_Gonzaga.

 

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Sixtus V reconvened the third and last session of the Council of Trent in February 1561. It was finally adjourned in February 1563. Its decrees were the same as those in OTL, except for those stated in the previous post. (1)

Mary, Queen of Scots, married Prince William, on 19 July 1550 in Holyrood Palace chapel. She was 16 years old (born 21 March 1534). He was 18 years old (born 23 September 1531). William became king consort, but was not crowned King of Scots. Mary gave birth to a baby girl on 11 May 1551. She and William named her Margaret.

Mary was popular with the Scottish people. She was young, beautiful, intelligent, and friendly. They were delighted when Margaret was born. William was not popular. He was stern and strict with a rather forbidding personality. But he was generous and kind. He and Mary loved each other. They were both devout Catholics, but he was much more fervent and fanatical.

Mary gave birth to a second daughter on 17 July 1552. She and William named her Jean. Their first son was born on 26 February 1554. But the birth was long with complications, and both Mary and her son died. She was only 19 years old.

The people of Scotland deeply mourned the death of their young queen. She was buried at Holyrood Abbey next to her father, James V, and his sons.

 

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Henry IX sponsored the first English plantations in Ireland in 1554. They were in counties Kildare and Wicklow, and organised by the Lord Deputy, Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond. The settlers were either born in England, or had to be Englishmen who had been born in Ireland. The existing Gaelic landowners were left with half of their former lands.

 

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Elisabeth, daughter of Princess Margaret and Francois, Dauphin of France, married John of Austria on 13 February 1555. She was 16 years old, born 18 July 1538. He was an ATL sibling of Joanna of Austria, born 21 June 1535. She gave birth to a baby boy on 18 September 1556. She and John named him Maximilian. Their second son was born on 9 October 1557, and their first daughter on 5 March 1559, They named them Charles and Joanna respectively.

Henri, second son, of Margaret and Francois, born 7 May 1541, married Anne, second daughter of James V, King of Scots and Queen Mary, born 8 June 1539, on 6 September 1557. She gave birth to a baby boy on 31 August 1558, to a stillborn son on 15 February 1560, and to a daughter on 8 April 1561. Anne and Henri named their first son and their daughter, Francois and Diane respectively.

 

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Here is part one of a list of Henry VIII's legitimate children, and their marriages and children.

Mary born 19 February 1516, by Catherine of Aragon. Catherine died 22 February 1516. Henry married Eleanor of Austria on 14 September 1516, Their children were: Henry, born 23 June 1517; Margaret born 15 April 1519; Edward born 5 July 1521; Catherine born 7 April 1523; Elizabeth born 14 November 1525, Joan born 11 September 1527, Charles born 12 April 1529, and William born 22 September 1531.

Princess Mary married James V, King of Scots, in July 1532. Their children were: Mary; born 21 March 1534, James born 27 December 1535; Anne born 8 June 1539; Margaret born 16 March 1541; and Isabel born 18 November 1542. James died on 13 December 1542. His eldest daughter Mary became Mary, Queen of Scots. She married William, youngest son of Henry VIII and Queen Catherine on 15 July 1550. Their children were: Margaret born 11 May 1551; and Jean born 17 July 1552. She died on 26 February 1554, after giving birth to a stillborn son.

Mary, dowager Queen of Scotland, married Matthew, fourth Earl of Lennox, on 26 June 1544. Their children were: Thomas, Andrew, and Catherine. They were born on 22 May 1545, 9 April 1549, and 14 July 1552 respectively. Mary died on 17 November 1558 as in OTL.

Henry, Prince of Wales, married Mary of Guise in September 1532, Their children were : Catherine born 15 February 1536; Arthur born 3 October 1537; Henry born 13 March 1539; Elizabeth born 18 February 1541; and Edmund born 9 April 1542.

 

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Part two of a list of Henry VIII's legitimate children and their children and grandchildren.

Princess Margaret married Francois, Dauphin of France and Duke of Brittany, on 27 May 1537. Their children were Elisabeth, Francois, and Henri, born 18 February 1538, 20 June 1539, and 7 May 1541 respectively. The Dauphin became King Francois II of France on 31 March 1547, following the death of his father, Francois I.

Elisabeth married John of Austria, born 21 June 1535, on 13 February 1555. He was this timeline's sibling of Joanna of Austria. There children were Maximilian, Charles and Joanna, born 18 September 1556, 9 October 1557, and 5 March 1559 respectively.

Henri married Anne, second daughter of James V, King of Scots and Queen Mary, on 6 September 1557. She was born on 8 June 1539. Their children were Francois and Diane, born 31 August 1558 and 8 April 1561 respectively.

 

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Here is part one of a list of Henry VIII's legitimate children, and their marriages and children.

Mary born 19 February 1516, by Catherine of Aragon. Catherine died 22 February 1516. Henry married Eleanor of Austria on 14 September 1516, Their children were: Henry, born 23 June 1517; Margaret born 15 April 1519; Edward born 5 July 1521; Catherine born 7 April 1523; Elizabeth born 14 November 1525, Joan born 11 September 1527, Charles born 12 April 1529, and William born 22 September 1531.

Princess Mary married James V, King of Scots, in July 1532. Their children were: Mary; born 21 March 1534, James born 27 December 1535,; Anne born 8 June 1539,; Margaret born 16 March 1541; and Isabel born 18 November 1542. James died on 13 December 1542. His eldest daughter Mary became Mary, Queen of Scots. She married William, youngest son of Henry VIII and Queen Catherine on 15 July 1550. Their children were: Margaret born 11 May 1551; and Jean born 17 July 1552. She died on 26 February 1554, after giving birth to a stillborn son.

Mary, dowager Queen of Scotland, married Matthew, fourth Earl of Lennox, on 26 June 1544. Their children were: Thomas, Andrew, and Catherine. They were born on 22 May 1545, 9 April 1549, and 14 July 1552 respectively. Mary died on 17 November 1558 as in OTL.

Henry, , Prince of Wales, married Mary of Guise in September 1532, Their children were : Catherine born 15 February 1536; Arthur born 3 October 1537; Henry born 13 March 1539; Elizabeth born 18 February 1541; and Edmund born 9 April 1542.

Note, if Mary QoS has siblings that are male, she's not becoming Queen of Scotland.

 

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Note, if Mary QoS has siblings that are male, she's not becoming Queen of Scotland.

James, the only son of James V and Queen Mary, died on 3 September 1537.

 

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James, the only son of James V and Queen Mary, died on 3 September 1537.

Ah, you never specified that in the original post.

 

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Continuation of the list of the children of Henry VIII and Eleanor of Austria, and their marriages and children.

Prince Edward, Duke of York, the second son of Henry VIII and Eleanor of Austria, married Margaret of Valois, youngest child of Francis I of France and Claude, Duchess of Brittany, on 12 September 1539. They were 18 years old and 16 years old, having been born on 5 July 1521 and 5 June 1523 respectively.

Margaret gave birth to a baby girl on 16 March 1540, to a baby boy on 9 April 1541, and to a second son on 19 August 1542. She and Edward named them Eleanor, Henry and Francis respectively.

Although Edward loved Margaret and was a good husband to her, but he preferred men to women. There is controversy among historians as to whether he was gay or bisexual. He had boyfriends and at court was seen to be affectionate with them, holding hands, hugging and kissing. They also slept together, though it is not known if Edward had sexual relations with any of them. In Tudor England persons of the same sex often slept together. (1) He claimed that he loved them as friends and was naturally affectionate.

That fact that Edward fathered children was taken as proof of his heterosexuality. Margaret was not jealous of his boyfriends. She was glad that he did not have mistresses.

(1) See the book Tudor England: A History by Lucy Wooding, Yale University Press: London and New Haven, 2020.

 

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Princess Catherine (born 7 April 1523), second daughter of Henry VIII and Queen Eleanor, married Francois, eldest son of Antoine, Duke of Lorraine, on 8 June 1540. He was twenty-two years old, born 23 August 1517. Catherine and Francois had three boys and a girl. The eldest, Charles, was born on 12 May 1541. Francois became Duke of Lorraine on 14 June 1544, when Antoine died. Francois died on 12 June 1545, and Charles succeeded him as Charles III. Catherine, Archduchess of Lorraine, became Regent for her son.

Princess Elizabeth (born 14 November 1525), third daughter of Henry VIII and Queen Eleanor, married Emmanuel Philibert (born 8 July 1528), son of Charles III, Duke of Savoy, and Beatrice of Portugal, on 3 September 1544. Elizabeth gave birth to a baby boy on 4 October 1545. She and Emmanuel named Charles Emmanuel. They had two more sons and six daughters. Emmanuel Philibert became Duke of Savoy when his father died on 17 August 1553. He reigned until his death on 30 August 1580.

Princess Joan (born 11 September 1527), youngest daughter of Henry VIII and Queen Eleanor, became a nun in Syon Abbey, in Isleworth, Middlesex. (1) She stayed there all her life.

(1) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syon_Abbey.

 

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Prince Charles (born 12 April 1529), the third son of Henry VIII and Queen Eleanor, married Mechthild of Bavaria, daughter of William IV, Duke of Bavaria, and his wife, Maria, on 13 September 1549. Mechtild was 17 years old, having been born on 12 July 1532, She gave birth to a baby girl on 31 August 1550, followed by a second daughter on 9 October 1551, and a son on 3 January 1553. She and Charles named their children Elizabeth, Anne and Charles respectively. They had two more daughters and two more sons.

Prince William (born 22 September 1531), the youngest son of Henry and Eleanor, married Mary, Queen of Scots, on 15 July 1550. They had two children. Margaret, born 11 May 1551, and Jean, born 17 July 1552.

 

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When Mary, Queen of Scots, died on 26 February 1554, her two-year old elder child, Margaret (born 11 May 1551), succeeded her as Queen of Scots. Mary's mother, Mary, Dowager Queen of Scots, and James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran, became joint regents for the young queen.

Possible future husbands for Margaret, who were born after 1540 and were not Scottish, were as follows: Edmund, youngest son of Henry IX and Mary of Guise (born 9 April 1541); Henri, youngest son of Francois II of France and Margaret, second daughter of Henry VIII and Queen Eleanor (born 7 May 1541); Francis, second and youngest son of Edward, Duke of York, and Margaret of Valois (born 19 August 1542); Charles Emmanuel, eldest son of Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, and Elizabeth, third daughter of Henry VIII and Queen Eleanor.

 

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Margaret, Queen of Scots, was betrothed to Henri Duc d'Anjou on 3 September 1556. They were married in Holyrood Palace chapel on 24 October 1566. She was 15 years old and he was 25 years old. They were happily married and had three sons and a daughter who survived to adulthood. James, born 4 August 1568, Mary, born 12 October 1571, Alexander, born 10 June 1574, and Robert, born 13 May 1579.

 

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By 1555 the Protestants in France, called Huguenots were growing in number. The refusal of Francois II to enforce the heresy laws against them was bitterly opposed by the fanatically Catholic Guise brothers, Francois, duc de Lorraine, and his younger brother Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine.

Francois ordered the assassination of the Huguenot leader, Gaspard de Coligny, Admiral of France. He was shot dead tbrough the window of his carrisge on 30 October 1555. The assassin was captured and executed. The murder of Coligny sparked the first French War of Religion. Louis I de Bourbon, Prince de Conde, was niw the Huguenot leader. The war was inconclusive and ended with the Peace of Nantes. This re-affirmed toleration for Huguenots.

 

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Explorers from the French colony of New Angouleme (OTL New York City), established in June 1550, explored the Saint Antoine River (OTL Hudson River). By 1555 they reached OTL Lake Champlain and the Huron village of Hochelaga (OTL Montreal). France claimed all the territory along the St. Antoine River and north to Hochelaga as Nouvelle France.

The French and American Indian fur trade began with Jacques Cartier along the St. Lawrence River. After 1555 it expanded south to the St. Antoine River, and down it to New Angouleme. The French established trading posts along the St. Antoine, and farms on Ile d'Est (OTL Long Island) and in the lower St. Antoine valley.

The colonists had good relations with the American Indian Mahican, Montauk, Mohawk, and Wappinger tribes. The French traders needed friendly relations with the Indians who were hunters or guides. Intermarriage was encouraged by the colonial government, and was common practice. The French recognised the wide differences in culture among different tribes, and in an open-minded attitude participated in Indian rituals. 'They were perceptive of the special mystical relationship Indian had with their lands and generally made a point of seeking tribal approval of land use.' (1)

(1) Quotation taken from the book Atlas of the North American Indian by Carl Waldeman; illustrations by Molly Braun, New York: Checkmark Books 2000.