Chapter Three.
Another year of War.
1513
Last year, in autumn, the members of the League met in Mantua to discuss the situation in Italy and the division of the territory taken from the French. They quickly came to an agreement regarding Florence. At the request of the Pope, Ramon de Cardona entered Tuscany, crushed Florentine resistance, overthrew the Florentine Republic, and installed Giuliano de’Medici as ruler of the city Julius and the Venetians insisted that Maximilian Sforza could retain the Duchy of Milan, while Emperor Maximilian and Ferdinand maneuvered to have one of their relatives appointed prince. The Pope asked for Ferrara to be incorporated into the Papal States. Ferdinand opposed this solution and wanted the existence of an independent Ferrara to counter the growing power of the Pope. The Emperor refused to cede the imperial territory, which in his eyes included most of Veneto, and signed an agreement with the Pope to completely exclude Venice from the final partition. When it opposed this, Julius threatened to reform the League of Cambrai against them. In response, Venice turned to Louis. On March 23, 1513, a treaty was signed in Blois between France and the Republic, which divided all of northern Italy.
Meanwhile, Pope Julius II died in February 1513, and Cardinal Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent and elder brother of the new ruler of Florence, was elected Pope Leo X
In England, from the beginning of winter, intensive preparations were underway for the planned invasion of France in the spring of the same year – the navy was enlarged several times. Henry suggested an agreement to James IV, but the King of Scotland rejected it, citing the older Auld alliance with France. Not everyone in England supported the war with France, the dean of St. Paul, John Colet, delivered an anti-war sermon during the Holy Mass, which was attended by Henry VIII himself.
April 1513 was a month full of treaties. Ferdinand II of Aragon made a peace treaty with France for one year, but this did not prevent him from concluding an alliance with his son-in-law, Henry VIII, who established the conditions that the Castilian-Aragonese troops would invade Guienne in exchange for 100,000 crowns. The treaties culminated in the Treaty of Mechlin, signed by all members of the Holy League, which committed them to attack France within a month. In the same month,Lord Admiral Edward Howard launched a mission against the French fleet at Brest. However, the French had anticipated such a move and had a main fleet waiting for the English to fight on land. Instead, the English failed and blocked the port. Lord Howard decided to attack the French fleet at Brest a second time. He had to move his ship with the French ship Pregent de Bidoux and in transit to the French ship. Unfortunately, the French ship got away, leaving the Howard aground. The French threw him overboard and he drowned under the weight of his armor. The death of the Admiral and the news that Ferdinand had concluded a treaty with France, hidden from the allies, made Henry nervous. The duplicity of his Aragonese father-in-law, however, did not diminish Henry's love for Catherine, and the couple remained deeply in love with each other.
On June 15, 1513, the court left Greenwich Palace and went to Dover, from where an army of 11,000 people led by King Henry was to sail to Calais. Henry appointed Catherine "regent and governor of England, Wales and Ireland during our absence for the purpose of defending the Catholic religion and restoring our rights and also for the purpose of issuing authorizations signed by her in her own hand. She may also withdraw from the treasury such sums as she may require." The Queen was given permission to raise armies, appoint sheriffs, accept most church appointments, and dispose of money as she saw fit. Henry announced that he was leaving the English in the care of a woman in whose "honor,prudence, prudence and faithfulness" could not be doubted. She ordered her subjects to obey her orders. The regent was also supposed to be supported by several advisers - William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Ruthall and Richard Foxe. Before Henry left, Catherine told him a secret - she was expecting another child, which filled the king's heart with "honey of delight”
Most of the army was ready to cross the canal. On June 30, Henry reached Calais and his fleet dominated the waters of the English Channel. After spending three weeks in Calais, Henry entered France at the head of an English army numbering approximately 25,000. On August 4, Henry VIII reached the siege of Therouanne. The prefabricated buildings were erected to make a permanent camp outside the town. The Officers were housed in large colored tents while the men slept in small plain tents. Soon, Emperor Maximilian arrived at Aire-sur-la-Lys with full forces. Henry donned light armor and took his feast of gold robes and arrived in Aire on August 11, where Maximilian's supporters were still dressed in black in mourning for his wife Bianca Maria Sforza. Henry hosted Maximilian in the gold cloth gallery tent in his camp. According to the Chronicle, the weather on the day of the meeting was "the worst on record.” Louis XII, King of France, decided to break the siege. In July, a force of 800 Albanians led by Captain Fonterailles broke through the besieger's lines and successfully delivered gunpowder and supplies, including bacon, to the city gates, leaving 80 men as reinforcements. Fonterailles was helped by a cover of artillery fire from the city.
The Battle of Spurs took place on August 14, 1513. News of the French attack reached the English stationed at Guinnesgate, south of Therouanne. As the 15,000-strong French force approached, Henry ordered an attack and the two armies met near the village of Borny. English artillery broke the French lines, and with the French in disarray, English cavalry attacked. Seeing the English cavalry approaching, the French turned and fled with such speed that the battle was called the Day of the Spurs. Many French nobles were captured and held for ransom.
A short time later, Thérouanne fell, and King Henry and the Emperor entered the city in triumph. Within the next month, Tournai also fell. The Anglo imperial victory was celebrated in Lille, where Henry met the regent of the Low Countries, Margaret of Austria, and Prince Charles Habsburg, considered heir to the empire and the combined Spanish crowns. Charles was reportedly impressed by the English king's courage and admired him as a knight. The Treaty of Lille was signed because as winter approached, further hostilities in France were abandoned. This treaty was signed by Henry, Maximilian and Ferdinand. It committed them to a joint invasion of France before June 1514. The treaty was to be sealed by the marriage of Ferdinand's and Maximilian’s grandson, Charles, to Henry's younger sister, Mary.
However, Henry had another worry. In August, the King of Scotland declared war on England. James IV's wife, Margaret Tudor, begged her husband not to go to fight against her country. She felt that this expedition would bring James' death, and she and her two children: James and the several-month-old Margaret, born just after Easter, would have a difficult fate. James, enchanted by the money Louis had sent, attacked England. Catherine of Aragon, however, proved to be a capable regent and took the English army and sent it north. Although she was heavily pregnant, she gave a wonderful speech to the English soldiers, encouraging them to fight. The troops moved into battle, and Catherine withdrew to Buckingham to await news from the troops.
Initially, the Scottish army occupied Norham, Wark, Etal and Ford castles. James chose Ford as his base. The owner of the castle, Sir William Heron, was sent to Scotland as a prisoner. However, an English army soon arrived under the command of the Earl of Surrey. He challenged James to a duel, but the Scot refused. The Earl of Surrey began his march to Berwick to retake the town from the Scots. On September 9, 1513, the Scots set up camp in Berwick and moved to intercept the English. When the English were spotted, the Scottish army reached the top of Branxton Hill. James ordered his men to charge down the hill and surprise the English. However, large numbers of Scots were killed by English gunfire and gunfire. As they ran down the hill, the Scots broke formation and were defeated by the English. King James also fought in the battle, and was almost killed, but instead of dying in battle, he was captured along with a group of his personal guards and became a prisoner of the English, and was sent to York, where he was treated with great respect as an 'honored guest'.
On October 16, 1513, at Woburn Abbey, Catherine gave birth slightly prematurely to her second son, who, in accordance with Henry’s wishes, was named Edward, after his great-grandfather, King Edward IV. Soon, King Henry VIII returned safely to England, proud of his victories and the fact that he had a second son. Now he had to solve the problem with Scotland and take advantage of the fact that their king was his hostage.
It is also worth mentioning the events in Italy. France briefly took control of Milan, but was soon defeated by the Swiss army at Novara, and Prince Maximilian Sforza returned to the throne. To strengthen his position, he sent messengers to Naples to ask the Dowager Duchess of Milan, Isabella, for the hand in marriage of her daughter, Bona. Bona was her only living child, and was the heir to all her property, and had her own rights to Milan. Isabella, ambitious, would love to see her daughter as the Duchess of Milan, so she also agreed to such a match.
At the end of the year, preparations began in England for the wedding of Princess Mary and Prince Charles, which was scheduled for May 1514 in Calais. Charles' maternal grandfather and Henry's father-in-law, Ferdinand, considered Mary, who was four years older than Charles, to be an old maid, and began to plot to prevent the marriage from taking place. His idea was for Charles to marry Louis XII's younger daughter, Renee, to seal a Spanish-French
peace treaty.